Theory and practice of strategy
The success of the industrial strategizing process depends on many factors: on the correct formulation of the industrial development task of the selected object, on the choice and application of a verified, consistent and effective methodology for the development and implementation of industrial strategies, on the correct application of the chosen methodology, taking into account the implementation of all the stages and principles established in it. The decisive role in the development process falls precisely on the formation of the future strategy concept for the industrial development of the selected object, which is its core document and determines all subsequent processes for detailing, formalizing and composing all the developed elements at the conceptual level into a single final document – the industrial strategy.
Nevertheless, the subsequent process of implementing the final industrial strategy, the effectiveness of which is determined both by the quality of the developed document itself, including the level of its accessibility and clarity for performers, and by the quality of the organizational system of its consistent and complete execution, plays an important role. All this determined the purpose of this article, which is to formulate the methodological aspects of the composition of the industrial strategy document and the conceptualization of the main methodological provisions of its implementation.
In the article, the author formulates and describes the conceptual scheme for composing the final document of the industrial strategy, which includes the formation of such elements of the industrial strategy as: tasks, strategic scenario and tactical implementation block, entry strategy and exit strategy. In addition, a conceptual structure of interrelated documents for the implementation of the industrial strategy is provided, which includes: a strategic plan, roadmaps, programs and projects. The significance of each of the listed documents in the implementation of certain elements of the industrial strategy adopted for execution is specified. In addition, the author examines the signs and consequences of the integrity violation of the implementation process, and also notes the features and role of the strategic management system for the implementation of the industrial strategy.
At present, improving the quality of strategic planning at the regional level is one of the top priority tasks for the government authorities in the Russian Federation. It is mainly connected with the necessity of improving information maintenance of the process as the key element of the management cycle (analysis, planning, execution) determining the target parameters of social and economic development of the region. The study involves analysis of the legal and regulatory framework of strategic management and the system of strategic planning instruments in the Russian Federation. The authors point out that their development includes both official procedures and content stages of determining parameters of strategic management of the regional development. Improvement of the effectiveness of their implementation may be achieved by applying formalized methods for describing the object of management and the process of strategic planning itself. The study highlights and describes its main stages: goal setting (determines the directions of the region’s development with the consideration of numerous levels of administration, goals of development and the criteria for their achievement), scenario forecasting (considers probable variants of changes in internal and external factors), creating an indicative plan (provides for the quantitative characteristics of the desired state of the regional system) and regulating (determines the vector of control actions directed towards correction of the indicator values observed). It is pointed out that in practice the above mentioned stages can overlap in time and be repeated many times in order to update the process. The stages are directly implemented through the set of functions described in the article with the key stages involving development of strategic decisions and making strategic choices. Thus, it is these functions that are very often the least formalized ones and that demand appropriate information support. Within the study, a number of groups of sources of structured and poorly structured information were identified (including the results of surveys, expert evaluation, etc.). As a whole, the formed information environment of the decision-maker involves both information sources and the interrelation between the stages of strategizing, as well as the strategic planning instruments.
National Industrial Economies
The article deals with the analysis of the state of energy intensity of the Russian economy, studies the calculation methods and factors affecting its level and dynamics in 2000–2021. It is pointed out that the most reliable picture of the dynamics of energy intensity of the economy is obtained when the gross domestic product (GDP) is calculated in constant prices in rubles. In those cases when it is calculated in USD by purchasing power parity, the level of energy intensity is noticeably underestimated. Affected by the multiple growth of the oil and gas income that caused the plummeting growth of investment in fixed assets and gross domestic product, in 2000–2007 the energy intensity in Russia had an annual 5.1% decrease, which is 1.5 times more than that of the most developed countries. In the subsequent years (2008–2021) due to the low rates of investment activity and gross domestic product and due to the increasing volumes of consumed energy resource, the dynamics of energy intensity stagnated while, on the contrary, the world and the majority of developed countries experienced the increase in the rates of reduction of energy intensity during this period.
The article presents a detailed study of the main factors affecting the dynamics of energy intensity in Russia, and for such factor as investment in fixed assets, the author identifies coefficients of dependence of energy intensity on their rates, which can be used in perspective planning of the energy intensity indicators.
Basing on the profound study of the factors affecting the dynamics of energy intensity the author suggests main directions on reducing the energy intensity in Russia. They include the intensification of investment activity, accelerating the GDP growth, restructuring the structure of the economy towards industries with high added value, refusal to increase domestic prices for energy resources up to their global prices.
The article considers the methodology of commodity markets research, which includes the assessment of the volume and structure of supply and demand according to a wide range of indicators. The information on formation of system representations of markets on the basis of segmentation of markets, marketing profiling of markets and their clients is generalized. The market profiling approach is discussed in depth. This approach consists in the representation of the market as a multidimensional array of data on the type of goods, price ranges, the distribution of buyers and sellers by region, industry and other characteristics on the basis of available reliable, but incomplete data. The article considers the problem of obtaining reliable data to determine their reliable sources and organization of data collection in the framework of consulting services. The relevance of the task of forming the correct sample for consulting markets research, which provides in conjunction with data from public sources, a representative representation of the commodity market. Specific features of commodity markets, which causes the variability of approaches to the market dependence on imports, the share of direct deliveries, transport channels of supply and other factors have been considered; features of profiling in the express-analysis of commodity markets have been determined. As an example of practical realization of commodity markets profiling methodology, the market of hot-rolled stainless steel sheets with thickness of 2.0–13.0 mm and width up to 1600 mm is considered. This market is characterized by high import dependence and, therefore, the Federal Customs Service database was used as a source of information for it. Market profiling, performed in accordance with the proposed methodology, provided detailed information on the distribution of imports and consumption of individual groups of stainless steel sheets. Estimates of the commodity market obtained as a result of the study using market profiling have been verified by independent consulting studies.
The article presents evaluation of digital inequality of the Russian regions – the subjects of Russia. Digital inequality has been assessed according to access to the Internet and digital technology which corresponds to the first level digital divide concept. Also, the Russian regions’ inequality in the effectiveness of use of digital technologie has been evaluated by the gross value added under the section “Information and communication activities”. During the first stage of the study the author analyzed 37 indicators characterizing the digital technology development in the regions to select 12 of them and perform the cluster analysis. The cluster analysis engaged indicators which had high variation coefficients and were not related to each other. The indicators with correlation coefficient exceeding 0.75 were excluded. The second stage of the study involvedk-means clustering of 85 regions of Russia with the use of STATA econometric package. As a result of cluster analysis the author identified four groups of homogenious regions varying by the level of access to digital technologies, strategic opportunities and threats of further development. The next stage of the study involved evaluation of digital inequality of the regions by means of the Theil index. The author used the “Information and communication activity” indicator’s value as the resulting indicator to make the Theil index calculation. The calculations were made for all the 85 regions as well as for the four groups of the regions for 2016 and 2020. The decomposition of the Theil index made it possible to assess the intra-group and intergroup inequality. It has been stated that digital inequality in the regional perspective is increaing in spite of the fact that the general penetration of digital technologies is rather high for the country. One of the factors determining the digital inequality is lack of finance for the implementation and use of digital technologies. Each of the group of regions identified has been suggested a scheme of strategic priorities to overcome the digital inequality.
Innovative economics
Taking into account global and regional trends and national goals and using Professor V.L. Kvint’s methodology of strategizing as the basis for the study the author assesses the impact of the regional economic strategy on the foreign trade of the regions of China. Development of China’s foreign trade has strengthened the country’s ties with the rest of the world, efficiently improved the country’s modernization and contributed to global prosperity and progress. The study has revealed that leadership in export and import belongs to coastal eastern and southeastern regions, which is a peculiar feature of the regional structure of China’s foreign trade. At the same time northern and western regions are engaged into foreign trade very little due to their landlockedness. The author points out that promotion of strategic development of regional economic structure provides for sustainable development of foreign trade. The article contains the analysis of indicators of export of goods from China in its basic directions and the basic directions of import to China according to the indicator of the volume of import of goods in 2021. The author studies the threats for development of export and import and defines the most important strategic trends of foreign economic development of China. It has been stated that coordination of regional economic modernization through foreign trade requires timely correction of its model and promotion of modernization of industrial structure.
Regional economy
Changing geopolitical environment in the world determines the chief priority of existence and development of the state, which is maintenance of the national sovereignty based on economic, technological and financial autonomy and independence. The basis of economic security of the country is the manufacturing sector. The study is devoted to identifying the ability of manufacturing sector of those industrial regions of Russia where manufacturing industry occupies a significant share of economics to maintain stability in conditions of external pressure since 2008 on the example of crises of various nature. The basic methods applied in the study are the indicative and comparative methods and the correlation analysis method. The authors present the analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators of development of the manufacturing sector of industrial regions of Russia, their investment and innovation activity in the industry and territorial perspective and the dependence of the regions’ development on foreign trade. It is pointed out that industrial regions are still of great significance in the development of manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation but their share in Russia is declining in such key indicators as gross regional product, volume of goods shipped, number of employees, etc. The authors conclude that in the majority of industrial regions high investment activity in manufacturing sector has greatly provided for sufficient resilience level which ensured rapid restoration of production volumes after 2008 crisis and smooth adaptation to the growing sanctions pressure that started in 2014. At the same time in nine of the 23 industrial regions under study, manufacturing sector was able to cope with the short-term shock of 2008 but prolonged impact of external factors that started in 2014 resulted in a slowdown in the trajectory of development. However, there is a risk of growing systematic character of the crisis in these regions, and it requires changing the approaches to the existing industrial policy and conducting additional analysis and assessment of the efficiency of the government support measures for manufacturing sector in order to develop the most effective industrial policy for every separate region. The results of the study can be useful for regional and federal authorities implementing economic and industrial policy.
Due to the system crisis caused by the pandemic, sanctions restrictions and complicated geopolitical situation there arose the need to find new models and strategies of sustainable development of the territories. The purpose of the article is to study theoretical and methodological aspects of sustainable development of the territories on the basis of ecosystem and entropy approaches. The ecosystem model of the territory is based on selfregulation and self-development, networking and partnership of all stakeholders. It is pointed out that sustainable development of a territory directly depends on the level of the use of human, technological, and natural capital. The author believes that it is possible to assess the sustainability through the entropy of a complex synergetic system that includes the entropy of its constituent ecosystems or the entropy of the capitals of the territory. Ten industrial regions of the Russian Federation have been assessed for sustainability, and recommendations on how to improve their sustainable development have been made. The work contributes to establishing the methodology of sustainable development of the territories and is aimed at providing completeness and reliability of the information ensuring right decisions. The results of the study can be used to develop and implement strategies, development programs, roadmaps for business adaptation to the principles of environmental, social and corporate responsibility of the industrial regions. Introduction of the results obtained into the practice of territorial management alongside with the application of high-performance decision support systems will ensure the intensification of the economic activity of the subjects, which will result in the increase of macroeconomic indicators and improvement of social indicators of the development of the regions.
Business economics
Technological characteristics and the scale of terrestrial broadcasting determine the status of FSUE “Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network” as a systemforming enterprise regarding terrestrial broadcasting of the all-Russian mandatory public TV and radio channels. In order to implement the import substitution program it is advisable to perform a digital transformation of the company, which can be successful if the strategy chosen has goals and objectives structured and synchronized in time and resources with the potential capabilities of the management object. The author uses Professor V.L. Kvint’s methodology of strategizing to formulate conceptual propositions of the strategy of digital transformation of the Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network. The area and subject of strategizing are the existing in the internal and external environment key processes of the enterprise whose degree of digitalization is vital for the success of the project implementation. The author formalized the basic indicators that characterize the solution of the task of creating a highly effective system of management of a television and radio broadcasting network, which provided the opportunity to specify priority directions (programs) of digital transformation. It is pointed out that the basis of the correct movement on the trajectory from Industry 3.0+ to the state of Industry 4.0 is ensured by a properly prepared strategy in which the priorities contain a system of objectives for their implementation.
Human resources management
During the transition to a highly volatile cycle of industrial development in Russia the issues of value orientations and real behavior models of the employees become especially important due to the need in further growth of labour productivity. Values, regarded as global mental attitudes, in many ways, determine the employees’ involvement and participation in the activities of the enterprise. Transformation of employees’ system of values, their increasing involvement into the company’s activities and the consequent growth of labour productivity are the basis for the growing product marginality. Within the practical and methodological study in hand the authors define the main stages of the values’ transformation and the basic components of each stage on the example of a machine-building plant. Transformation of the system of values was based on the approaches of a Japanese a practical scientist Shigeo Shingo called the Shingo values pyramid. His methodology has been adapted in the practical study on the real ground of the Russian industrial enterprise PJSC “Cryogenmash” which possesses its own deep scientific roots and academic peculiarity. The authors study the findings and adduce methodological artefacts obtained while creating the model of values and the new behavior model of an employee of an industrial enterprise. The authors suggested using the methodological approach developed within the study to create a book of values of an industrial enterprise. This approach will make it possible to increase the employees’ labour productivity by changing the model of their behavour in work situations.
Financial management
Strategic socio-economic stability of a state is affected by numerous factors including the level of volatility in the real estate market. However, in case of the contingency period, which is the period of cyclical price growth in the market characterized by excessive investments due to long-term speculative expectations of investors, the likelihood of social tension among the population increases. The author of the article suggests strategic factors whose trend dynamics may indicate the occurrence of the characteristics of the emergency period in the housing market. Strategic analysis deals with the assessment of the indicators of the supply and demand factors, parameters of construction companies on the stock market and housing market indexes. The purpose of the study is to identify and classify strategic analysis methods that can be applied to identify the signs of the occurrence of the characteristics of the emergency period in the housing market. The theoretical basis of the research is Professor V.L. Kvint’s theory of strategy and methodology of strategizing. As the result of the research, the article identifies the factors indicating the beginning of the emergency period and groups the parameters essential for the analysis in the issue under consideration.
ISSN 2413-662X (Online)